Neonatology is a subspecialty of Pediatrics and involves the care of newborns requiring intensive care.  The beginning goes all the way back to the end of the Franco-Prussian War.  The physicians involved were obstetricians.  “Incubator babies” became a part of the 1896 Berlin Exhibit - “Kinderbrutanstalt” (Child Hatchery).  It was successful in the survival of many low birthweight newborns but also a place where people paid money to view the exhibit.  It wasn’t until the early 1970’s when the care of newborns (Neonatology) became a subspecialty of the Board of Pediatrics.   During the last 130 plus years a lot has changed and continues to evolve.  We will look at those changes and the potential future advancements.  We will also look at how we rank with other countries in terms of neonatal mortality and morbidity.